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GMAT 考试|GMAT逻辑学习技巧

来源:www.huikebi.com 2024-05-21

GMAT考试中的逻辑部分是大伙比较头疼的,既需要逻辑思维能力,又需要非常强的阅读能力。下面大家就来谈一谈逻辑部分的学习技巧。

逻辑部分考察的不是大家熟知的所谓形式逻辑(formal logic),而是非形式逻辑(informal logic),这是美国自上世纪70年代以来最新的研究成就。事实上,形式逻辑是一种符号逻辑,与人的逻辑思维没直接关系,而非形式逻辑则直接和人的思维方法有关。

在非形式逻辑中非常重要的是两点:前后呼应和傻子原则。

1、前后呼应

假设题型的答案肯定是文章成立的必要条件,从形式上分为桥梁型和排除削弱型。其中的桥梁型是直接考察前后呼应的,加大、削弱等题型则是打造在桥梁型的基础上。大家来看两个例子。

例1、
On the whole, Ms. Dennis remarked, engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.
The conclusion drawn1 above depends on which of the following assumptions?
Engineering students are working less because in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.
Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.
Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.
Ms. Dennis students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.
Laziness is something most people do not outgrow2.

翻译:
丹妮丝女性说:总的来讲,工程系的学生比他们过去更懒了。我了解这一点由于我的学生中做指派工作的愈加少了。
问:上面的结论基于下面哪一个假设?
工程系的学生工作愈加少了,由于在一个如火如荼的市场中他们花愈加多的时间调查各式各样的工作机会。
学生是不是做指派的工作是他们多懒的一个标志。
工程系的学生应该比那些需要较低的范围中的学生愈加努力工作。
丹妮丝女性的学生工作得更少由于丹妮丝女性作为老师不象以前那样有效了。
懒惰是大多数人没办法戒掉的一个问题。

剖析:
可以看见选项在文章的首要条件和结论之间架了一个桥。这是假设题答案的一个要紧特点,大伙可以参考这个特征在读不懂文章的状况下做出正确答案.

例2、
Even though most universities retain the royalties3 from faculty4 members inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.
The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if which of the following were inserted into the argument as an additional premise5?
Royalties from inventions are higher than royalties from educational software programs.
Faculty members are more likely to produce educational software programs than inventions.
Inventions bring more prestige to universities that do books and articles.
In the experience of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable that are books and articles.
In terms of the criteria6 used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions.

翻译:
尽管大多数大学拥有了他们教员创造的版税,但教员却拥有他们所写的书和论文的版税,因此教员应该拥有他们所开发的计算机软件的版税。
问:下面哪一项作为一个附加的首要条件被加上的话,上面的结论将会被推出?
(A)创造的版税比教育软件的版税要高;
(B)教员更大概做出教育软件,而不是创造;
(C)创造带给了出书和文章的大学更高的威望;
(D)大多数大学的经验当中,教育软件比起书和论文更容易市场化;
(E)依据过去给的版税标准,教育软件和书、论文的相似程度比起创造更大一些。
答案:E

剖析:
这篇文章阅读起来是有困难的,重点是看不明白书、论文和教育软件之间的关系,但这正是大家应该注意的,由于推导缺点就是此,假设的答案也就产生于此处。E 选项说明了教育软件和书、论文两者之间的关系,所以是正确答案。

2、傻子原则

对于知识的把握是大家和美国人最大有什么区别。美国人讲究逻辑推理(当然本身因为从小的教育,知识也就少一些),大家讲究知识推理,而GMAT的题目是ETS根据美国人的思维方法来出的,大家需要注意降低知识,如此才能防止错误和飞速定位答案。大家来看一个例子。

例3、
Samples from a ceramic7 vase found at a tomb in Sicily prove that the vase was manufactured in Greece. Since the occupant of the tomb died during the reign8 of a Sicilian ruler who lived 2,700 years ago, the location of the vase indicates that there was trade between Sicily and Greece 2,700 years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
Sicilian potters who lived during the reign of the ruler did not produce work of the same level of quality as did Greek potters.
Sicilian clay that was used in the manufacture of pottery9 during the rulers reign bore little re百度竞价推广blance to Greek clay used to manufacture pottery at that time.
At the time that the occupant of the tomb was alive, there were ships capable of transporting large quantities of manufactured goods between Sicily and Greece.
The vase that was found at the Sicilian tomb was not placed there many generations later by descendants of the occupant of the tomb.
The occupant of the tomb was not a member of the royal family to which the Sicilian ruler belonged.

翻译:
在西西里的一个墓地中发现的陶瓷花瓶的取样证明这个花瓶是在希腊生产的。由于墓地的主人死于2700年前西西里某位君王的统治时期,所以这个花瓶的地方表明在2700年前西西里和希腊之间就已经有贸易了。
生活在那位君王统治时期的西西里陶工生产的商品水平和希腊的陶工不同。
在那位君王统治时期生产陶器所用的西西里粘土和同时期的希腊粘土不太相似。
在墓地的主人活着的时候,有船只可以运送西西里和希腊之间的产品。
在西西里墓地中发现的这个花瓶不是由墓地主人的后代在隔了好几代将来放进来的。
墓地的主人不是那位君王的王室家族的成员。

剖析:
所谓的假设assumption是指文章成立所需要的条件。大伙可以看一下和选项,说在墓地的主生活前,有船只在希腊和西西里之间运送产品。而大家从文中根本得不到希腊和西西里之间的运输方法,即便你是一位出色的地理学家(了解丰富的地理知识),了解这两国当年是地中海的两个岛国,需要是海上贸易。但在文中没说明的状况下,大家只能觉得希腊和西西里之间可以用任意方法贸易,譬如陆地甚至航空。所以选项中的海上运输不是文章成立所需要的条件,当然就不是假设。 选项说花瓶并非由墓地主人的后代放进来的,排除去一种反驳的可能性,即排除削弱型的假设,是文章成立的必要条件,并没加入任何的知识。从这道题大伙可以看见美国人的思维的傻子性,这可能正是西方科学成功是什么原因(即用逻辑推理来代替知识)。当然大家不只要赞赏这一点,而且基于ETS是按此规律出题的,大家也需要遵守傻子思维的原则,才能获得高分.


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